Which of the following best describes extinction?

The concept of extinction in behavioral psychology refers to the process of reducing or eliminating a behavior by removing the reinforcement that maintains it. Specifically, extinction occurs when a behavior that was previously reinforced is no longer reinforced, leading to a decrease in that behavior over time.

In this case, the correct answer highlights that extinction involves removing or withholding an undesirable consequence. This aligns with the principle that if a consequence that previously followed a behavior is removed, the likelihood of that behavior occurring again diminishes.

Other options focus on different aspects of behavior and consequences. One suggests aggressive manipulation, which does not relate to the concept of extinction but rather to coercive strategies. Another option refers to administering an aversive consequence, which indicates punishment rather than the removal of reinforcement. The last option mentions perceived negative outcomes, which does not directly address the mechanics of reinforcement and extinction in behavior modification.

Understanding extinction is crucial for effective behavior management and reinforcing desired actions while diminishing unwanted ones in various contexts, including educational and organizational settings.