What characteristic defines a virtual organization?

A virtual organization is characterized primarily by collaboration among several independent entities. This model leverages technology to enable collaboration and communication across geographically dispersed participants. These entities may include individuals, teams, or organizations that come together for a specific project or purpose but maintain their independence outside the collaborative effort.

In a virtual organization, the traditional notions of a fixed, centralized structure are set aside in favor of flexible, adaptive arrangements that rely on technology to connect partners. This allows for greater responsiveness and innovation, as participants bring diverse resources and expertise together without the limitations of a conventional organizational hierarchy.

The other options highlight characteristics that do not align with the essence of a virtual organization. While flexibility in traditionally structured roles can occur, it is not the defining trait of a virtual organization. Centralization of command and responsibilities and strict adherence to bureaucratic principles are characteristic of more traditional organizations that typically do not promote the open and collaborative nature found in virtual setups.